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A New Generation Of Spies
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A New Generation Of Spies

Quarterback's creating out of structure continues to power the league's most fearsome offenses. A defenses best response: Redefining the role of the 'Spy'.

Oliver Connolly
Dec 30, 2021
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A New Generation Of Spies
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We live in the era of the off-script creator. Aaron Rodgers, Patrick Mahomes, Kyler Murray, Josh Allen, Justin Herbert, Joe Burrow, Lamar Jackson, and on and on the names roll, quarterbacks who are just as good (sometimes better) when they bounce out of the pocket or are asked to create by themselves outside of the structure of the offense.

Not only does the league features more jazz artists than ever before, but that the trait itself is more valuable. First down (as noted often in these parts) is now an attack-down for defenses. On third down, they’re more liable to slip into the simulated pressures or creepers that have flooded the league — or run with an old-fashioned, organic four-man rush. That means more defenders in coverage, receivers covered for longer. It means a quarterback having to move. It means waiting for someone to uncover rather than playing see-it-throw-it football.  

Against good defenses in the playoffs, most offenses need a little extra juice. They need their quarterback to be a third-down playmaker (unless you have Tom Brady, who serves as a different kind of playmaker). And to slow down such offenses, a defense needs to figure out how to defend a quarterback when he extends outside of the original play design.

Defenses have tried to find answers for break-the-pocket mavericks. As so much of the offensive side of the sport has leaned into the options game — run-based ‘read’ options, pre-snap (box) RPOs, post-snap RPOs, and packaged plays — so has the defensive world.  Defenses will option the blitz. By using pattern matching principles or hybrid zone-match coverages, a defense can kind of, sort of ‘option’ its coverage — in a sense.

Yet while those can deal with the early phase of the offense – if that player does X, you do Y – it does little for the scramble drill that can breakout after.

Two-man used to be the go-to in such situations. It gave a defense the best of both worlds: Two deep safeties and man-to-man coverage across the board. But there were (and are) downsides. You know the story: the underneath defenders turn their backs to the quarterbacks to track receivers in man-coverage, the safeties are backed up 15-yards off the ball. The quarterback looks, sees his receivers are blanketed, slivers through a crack in the pocket, and trots towards down the field for a first down.

Drop into straight zones to keep eyes on the quarterback – hitting landmarks instead of matching the patterns of receivers – and now you’re risking a Rodgers or Herbert or Allen or Burrow or Mahomes picking apart a defense from the pocket with a batch of receivers gifted free access releases (the quarterback can also influence the defenses with his eyes if he bounces and moves through the pocket).

How do you split the difference? A spy!

You probably know the ‘spy’. He’s the defender tasked with mirroring the movement of the quarterback. He hangs out just on the other side of the line of scrimmage, matching the movement of the quarterback. If he shuffles to the left, the spy shuffles with him. If he breaks to the right, so goes the spy.

The issue with that traditional idea of a ‘spy’ is that it is passive. A defender is waiting to see what the quarterback does and is only then reacting. Is he going right? Is he going left? Is he going right then left? *When* is he going right then left? BLEEP. Did he just go right again?

As the NFL has seen a steady increase in off-script throwers, the George Smiley-style spy has become a blunt tool. It is too easy for a quarterback to influence the defender and put him in *Coachism Klaxon* conflict. Plus, if the quarterback is quick enough or has enough of a head start, it’s tough for the spy to be able to sort through the clutter and beat him to any given spot.

Sure, at the pro-level that low-hole defender can help influence an underneath route (depending on the depth), but the quarterback is still his priority – and that quarterback is dictating the movement (and eyes) of the spy. The defender is always playing catchup. What is he about to do? Is he breaking the pocket to run or breaking the pocket to throw?

And that, right there, is the key. The old-school way of doing things was built to deal with a quarterback that would pull the ball to run. The goal of the spy was to meet the quarterback at the line of scrimmage for no gain, to limit explosive runs from dual-threat quarterbacks.

Now, most ‘mobile’ quarterbacks (for whatever that means anymore) are breaking the pocket and looking to throw downfield, not moving to run. The era of the traditional dual-threat quarterback (a player who could throw and run) has transitioned into the era of the tri-threat quarterbacks: those who can throw on rhythm and in-time, can break out of the choreography of the play to throw on the move, or hustle to pick up yards with their legs if it’s the only option.

That’s become increasingly the norm in the pros where the investment in the likes of Rodgers, Allen, Mahomes, and Russell Wilson means that coach and player alike will curb the quarterback run game, saving it for high leverage situations — if it was part of the offense to begin with.

Besides, it’s the off-beat creation that causes defenses the most trouble. Defenses now have tried and true rules to try to disrupt the quarterback run game. Figuring out what to do against a move-to-thrower who doesn’t yet know where they’re going to move or where they’re going to throw, well, that’s a whole different game.

Enter: The new era of espionage. Defenses across the NFL (and throughout the college ranks) have rekindled the use of spy. Now, he’s less of a passive observer. Now, he’s an aggressor.

The genealogy of the concept can be traced back to Nick Saban – because all defensive innovations have roots in Saban-ism. Back when Saban and Kirby Smart (then Alabama DC; now Georgia head coach) were trying to find ways to slow down a free-rolling Clemson offense, they had all kinds of issues with quarterbacks that could move to throw. They couldn’t contain the scramble. They would rush three or four and try to keep eyes on the quarterback. When escape lanes opened up – WHOOSH – there went the scrambler, picking up chunk yards with his legs or evading the pass-rush and hitting bombs down the field.

Saban and Smart devised a solution: They would lay a trap. Named: Odd Mirror.

There would be a spy. That spy would still be isolated on the quarterback. But rather than being separate and apart from the defensive strategy – a fail-safe, if you will – the rest of the structure of the defense would now be geared to funnel the quarterback towards the spy. No longer were the pair interested in keeping the quarterback in the pocket. They wanted the quarterback to break the pocket. Not only that: They wanted to dictate where he would break the pocket, when, and have a free defender ready and waiting to clean up the mess.

“A lot of people view spies hovering at five or seven yards until the quarterback breaks the line of scrimmage,” Georgia’s linebacker coach Glenn Schumann told a coach’s clinic in 2020. “We are going to make sure the pocket gets broke and the quarterback has to win outside. As soon as he moves off his spot, we aggressive hug to the quarterback.”

The concept is now ubiquitous at all levels of the game. The base idea features a three-man rush with a late pressure. It’s how a defense chooses to distribute those rushers that dictates where the quarterback will be flushed too. “It ends up working like a four-man twist game,” Schumann said. The key difference: No longer is the spy trying to figure out where the quarterback might go. He is running to where the quarterback is expected to go, where the quarterback has been funneled to go.

“It’s basically a game peekaboo,” Chris Vasser (Coach Vass, the doyen of online defensive scheme discourse) told The Read Optional Podcast earlier this season. “You get the effect of a blitz but you’re only rushing three or four people. The worst thing you can do [against mobile quarterbacks] is mush rush. At the NFL level, every quarterback is comfortable in the pocket. If you’re giving them a clean pocket, you’re giving them what they want.”

Mushing the rush – rushing a small number of linemen who try to keep the quarterback from evading the pocket while dropping a bunch of defenders into coverage – is a tactic that has been used for as long as one can online describe as eons. It, too, is a passive style; one that has been torn up by smart coaches and the new era of tri-threat QBs.

“If they break the pocket and you know they’re going to break a pocket, that’s not a big deal. It’s like forcing a run to go a certain direction,” Vass said. “The problem is when the line rushes up the field, the linebackers drop deep and there’s vertical space, allowing the quarterback to run in whichever direction he wants.”

With the Odd Mirror model, the idea is not to try to trap the quarterback in the pocket. It’s to allow him to escape but to influence where he escapes – and to have a free defender ready to swoop to that spot. It’s about trying to add some predictability back to the unpredictability.

Like any modern defensive concept – particularly on third-down – it’s crucial for a defense to draw up the same pressure path but with a bunch of different presentations, so as to keep the offense guessing. Georgia will switch up the assignments of its two off-ball ‘backers: one is responsible for picking up the running back in man-coverage; the other is the spy. One week the linebacker set to the back gets one job; the next he gets the other. The game’s finest defensive czars are consistently tweaking the alignments of their front, while still getting to the same general concepts.

Tying the spy package to a team’s blitz package is crucial, too. In order to bait and flush the quarterback, he has to believe that a dropping linebacker is really dropping into the low hole.

For Georgia, that means that one week it’s Odd Mirror with two off-ball linebackers. Then they will mug both linebackers, walking them down into gaps along the offensive line. Then they will mug a single ‘backer, overloading one side of the formation and signaling a simulated pressure or loaded blitz. Maybe the next week it’s a safety and a linebacker in the middle of the field and the other linebacker is kicked outside (or is off the field altogether).

As a rule, teams will stick their big guys outside, crashing out-to-in in order to push the quarterback off his spot. In the middle, the team will stick its most athletic guy – a Mic linebacker, a safety, an edge kicked inside – who can then wrap around and insert wherever he needs to be.

Teams will use four-down variants as well. In Alabama-Georgia vernacular it’s known as ‘Sic ‘em 5’.  Playing with a four-man front better allows the defense to dictate where the offensive line is going to slide the protection because they can overload one side of the formation. Once they know where the slide is going, they’re able to lay a trap for the quarterback against the slide – that, after all, is where the quarterback would expect his escape hatch to be.

The concept is now rife throughout the NFL, though used in small doses. The Washington Semi-Professional Football Team has run some creative odd-mirror stuff out of its three-safety/Collins package, taking advantage of the extra speed on the field at the second level.

The Browns looked to contain Rodgers’ out-of-time excellence in Week 16 by funneling him to a designated spy:

That’s classic Odd Mirror 5, with the Browns signaling which linebacker would pick up the running back in coverage post-snap rather than setting it by the strength of the formation or alignment of the back. Whichever way the back was released, the other linebacker would become the spy, the aggressor.

It worked. To Rodgers’ left, the Browns slanted an edge defender inside to compress that side of the pocket. To Rodgers’ right, the edge defender ran the loop. The nose tackles job: Occupy a double-team up the gut. That left a clearing for Rodgers to try to escape, right through the B-Gap, up and through the pocket.

Any initial read was taken away by the Browns man-to-man coverage, with an in-out bracket (by way of a robber) on Davante Adams (#17) in the middle of the field. Rodgers was forced to hold the ball, to move then create. He saw daylight, stepped up and through the pocket.

But wait! It’s a trap! There, waiting for Rodgers to climb, was MI5: Ohio branch.

As soon as Rodgers moved off his spot, the spy shot down to meet him. By the time Rodgers had made his move, the linebacker was right in his face. Rodgers was forced to throw immediately. He missed. The Browns (for once) got off the field on third down.

Run through those snapshots again. The Packers had six blockers vs. three rushers. Yet the Browns were still able to scheme up a one-on-one rusher right in Rodgers’ face, funneling him to a specific spot -- and with excellent man-coverage down the field and a double-team on the Packers’ primary threat. That, as they say, is good stuff.

The Packers hit the Browns right back with a similar ‘Hi-Low’ concept. Baker Mayfield is a good example of the current ilk of move-to-throw QBs. He’s an above-average athlete (by modern quarterback standards) who wriggles around the pocket and looks to extend plays so that he can toss the ball downfield rather than dropping his eyes and charging for first downs with his legs at the first sign of trouble. If a defense doesn’t know where he’s going, that can be dangerous. If they can bait him to a specific spot, not so much.

Right-handed quarterbacks, generally, do not want to move out to their left. It’s more difficult to throw, even for the likes of Rodgers or Mahomes. On a hi-low concept, the edge-defender to the quarterback’s left will crash inside. To the quarterback’s right, the edge will run allllll the way around, running what coaches call the ‘loop’ -- that classic dip-and-rip angle. Offensive tackles are taught to choke the inside (the quickest path to the quarterback) before the day with any edge nonsense. Savvy DCs will look to use those rules against an offense.

A defense will load the right side of the line (from the quarterback’s vantage). The rules of pass protection dictate that the right tackle will first have to help inside before kicking out to push the outside pass-rusher around the arc – what’s known as a dual block or a two-for-one. The outside lane is the longest distance to the quarterback, and so the idea for the tackle to pin someone inside before moving to meet the edge-rusher looping around outside.

To the quarterback’s left, the edge is shooting inside, giving the quarterback a clear path to shuffle to his left to avoid all the bodies to his right. In the middle of the field, there’s one of those new-style spies, who first presses then line and then drops up to wait for an opening to the quarterback.

But, wait. What’s this? Oh, that’s right. It’s the right-sided edge defender looping all the way around from the other side. If the offensive line wants him to run the loop, dammit, he’ll run the loop. He’ll run it all the way around to a quarterback who has been flushed to a new spot, not the original launch point that the right tackle expected to protect when he peeled off the initial block.  

It’s a two-for-one for the defense: The quarterback moving to his left to avoid a clogged line, a free runner coming from the backside, with a spy in the middle of the field free to pressure if need be or available to take away any outlet ball.

Defenses across the NFL have been experimenting all season with quirkier spy packages. Wink Martindale and the Ravens unloaded a whole spool of creations against Patrick Mahomes and the Chiefs earlier this season. Martindale’s reasoning, as relayed by Cris Collinsworth on the NBC broadcast, was to split his rush into two phases to match the Chiefs’ brand of offense. One: A crunch rush, with the pocket compressed outside to in and shallow in the backfield, rather than the edge-rushers dipping around the edge; Two: A designated spy to fly to Mahomes whenever he tried to scramble out of the pocket.

Against the Bills in Week 16, Bill Belichick and the Patriots built a similar plan (the crunch rush) but without the second element. Rather than trying to bait and flush Allen, Belichick wanted to force Allen to stick in the pocket, to try tempt him into playing a traditional dropback game — a matchup Belichick likely believed he could win. Then, if the quarterback did break the pocket, he would be forced to climb through the pocket rather than roll outside, where it would be trickier to find open targets on the move and where the Patriots would have a pair of defenders would be sitting and waiting.

It didn’t work. Allen was too good. He was happy to stand in when given time rather than getting antsy and looking to bail:

And when Allen was forced to create out of structure, he went full Dumbledore:

Come on, people! That is nonsense; one of a handful of how-the-bleep-did-he-do-that throws that Allen made in New England last Sunday. Belichick’s plan was a touch passive, waiting for Allen to make a dumb mistake. Allen didn’t. It will be interesting to see how Belichick will adjust if asked to gameplan against Allen for a third time in the postseason.

Limiting second-phase offense is the name of the third-down game, across the league. This upcoming postseason will feature more move-to-throw specialists than at any point in NFL history.

As defenses look to stymie such creatives, the newfangled spy will be a needed and necessary tool.

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